Everything about Russian Social Democratic Labour Party totally explained
The
Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party, or
RSDLP (
Росси́йская Социа́л-Демократи́ческая Рабо́чая Па́ртия = РСДРП), also known as the
Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party and the
Russian Social-Democratic Party, was a revolutionary
socialist Russian political party formed in
1898 in
Minsk to unite the various revolutionary organizations into one party. The RSDLP later split into
Bolshevik and
Menshevik factions, with the Bolsheviks eventually becoming the
Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The
Mezhraiontsy were also formed from this party.
In Russia proper
The RSDLP wasn't the first Russian
Marxist group; the
Group for the Emancipation of Labour was formed in
1883. At the end of the
first party congress in March 1898, all nine delegates were arrested. The RSDLP was created to oppose
narodnichestvo (
наро́дничество), revolutionary populism, which was later represented by the
Socialist-Revolutionary Party (SRs;
Esers,
эсе́ры). The RSDLP program was based on the theories of
Karl Marx and
Friedrich Engels - that, despite Russia's agrarian nature, the true revolutionary potential lay with the industrial working class.
Before the Second Congress, a young intellectual named
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (
Влади́мир Ильи́ч Улья́нов) joined the party, better known by his pseudonym -
Lenin (
Ле́нин). In
1902 he'd published
What is to be Done?, outlining his view of the party's task and methodology - to form 'the vanguard of the
proletariat' needed a disciplined, centralised party of committed activists.
In
1903, the Second Congress of the party met in
Belgium to attempt to create a united force. At the congress, the party split into two irreconcilable factions on
November 17: the
Bolsheviks (
большеви́к; from Bolshinstvo -
Russian for "majority"), headed by Lenin, and the
Mensheviks (
меньшеви́к; from Menshinstvo - Russian for "minority"), headed by
Julius Martov. Confusingly, the Mensheviks were actually the larger faction, however the names Menshevik and Bolshevik were taken from a vote held at the 1903 party congress for the editorial board of the party newspaper,
Iskra ("Spark"), with the Bolsheviks being the majority and the Mensheviks being the minority. These were the names used by the factions for the rest of the party congress and these are the names retained after the split at the 1903 congress. Lenin's faction later ended up in the minority and remained smaller than the Mensheviks until the
Russian Revolution of 1917.
It was Lenin's position on
democratic centralism and on restricting party membership that caused the split. Lenin argued that creating a successful revolution required that party membership be limited only to professional full-time revolutionaries; whereas the Mensheviks favored a more open membership policy. Despite a number of attempts at reunification, the split proved permanent. As time passed, more ideological differences emerged. According to many historians, the Bolsheviks pushed for an almost immediate "proletarian" revolution, while the Mensheviks believed that Russia was still at too early a stage in history for an immediate working-class revolution, and believed a "bourgeois" revolution must precede the subsequent "proletarian" revolution. Other historians such as Teodor Shanin offer a more subtle description. According to this view, both factions believed that the coming revolution would be a bourgeois one and wanted the working class to take some part in it. The difference was that the Bolsheviks came to believe that this revolution could and should be accomplished, not by the Russian bourgeoisie which was too weak and timid for that, but rather by the working class in an alliance with the peasantry (only in 1917 would the Bolsheviks attempt a "socialist revolution"). In contrast, the Mensheviks thought the bourgeois revolution was more naturally the work of "normal" bourgeois parties such as the moderate
kadets, and that Marxists such as themselves should only offer a distanced support to it. After the defeat of the
Russian revolution of 1905, they also tended to prefer legal activities such as
trade-union work.
The Third Congress of the party (1905) was actually held separately by the Bolsheviks. The Fourth Congress (1906) saw a formal reunification of the two factions, (with the Mensheviks in the majority), but the discrepancies between Bolshevik and Menshevik views became particularly clear during the proceedings.
The Fifth Congress of the party was held in
London,
England, in 1907; it consolidated the supremacy of the Bolshevik party and debated strategy for communist revolution in Russia. Stalin never later referred to his stay in London
(External Link
).
The SDs boycotted elections to the
First Duma (April-July 1906), but were represented in the
Second Duma (February-June 1907). With the SRs, they held 83 seats. The Second Duma was dissolved on the pretext of the discovery of an SD conspiracy to subvert the army. Under new electoral laws, the SD presence in the
Third Duma (1907–12) was reduced to 19. From the
Fourth Duma (1912–17), the SDs were finally and fully split. The Mensheviks had five members in the Duma and the Bolsheviks had seven, including
Roman Malinovsky, who was later uncovered as an
Okhrana agent. From 1912 onwards, the Bolshevik faction was officially a separate party, known as the
Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (bolshevik). The Bolsheviks seized power during the
October Revolution in
1917 and, in
1918, changed their name to the Communist Party. They banned the Mensheviks after the
Kronstadt Uprising of
1921.
In 1902 the
Tallinn organization of the RSDLP was founded, which in 1904 was converted into the Tallinn Committee of the party. In November a parallel (that is, also directly under the CC of RSDLP)
Narva Committee was created. Amongst other radicals, the Estonian RSDLP cadres were active in the
1905 revolution.
In the conference of the Estonian RSDLP organisations in
Terijoki,
Finland in March 1907 the Bolshevik supporters went into serious conflict with the Mensheviks.
At the Fourth (Unity) Congress of the RSDLP in 1906, the
Latvian Social Democratic Workers Party entered the RSDLP as a territorial organisation. After the congress its name was changed 'Social-Democracy of the Latvian Territory'.
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